George Leigh Mallory. (1914). The Mountaineer as Artist.

I SEEM to distinguish two sorts of climber, those who take a high line about climbing and those who take no particular line at all. It is depressing to think how little I understand either, and I can hardly believe that the second sort are such fools as I imagine. Perhaps the distinction has no reality; it may be that it is only a question of attitude. Still, even as an attitude, the position of the first sort of climber strikes a less violent shock of discord with mere reason. Climbing for them means something more than a common amusement, and more than other forms of athletic pursuit mean to other men; it has a recognised importance in life. If you could deprive them of it they would be conscious of a definite degradation, a loss of virtue. For those who take the high line about it climbing may be one of the modern ways of salvation along with slumming, statistics, and other forms of culture, and more complete than any of these. They have an arrogance with regard to this hobby never equalled even by a little king among grouse-killers. It never, for instance, presents itself to them as comparable with field sports. They assume an unmeasured superiority. And yet—they give no explanation.

I am myself one of the arrogant sort, and may serve well for example, because I happen also to be a sportsman. It is not intended that any inference as to my habits should follow from this premise. You may easily be a sportsman though you have never walked with a gun under your arm nor bestrid a tall horse in your pink. I am a sportsman simply because men say that I am ; it would be impossible to convince them of the contrary, and it's no use complaining; and, once I have humbly accepted my fate and settled down in this way of life, I am proud to show, if I can, how I deserve the title. Though a sportsman may be guiltless of sporting deeds, one who has acquired the sporting reputation will show cause in kind if he may. Now, it is abundantly clear that any expedition on the high Alps is of a sporting nature; it is almost aggressively sporting. And yet it would never occur to me to prove my title by any reference to mountaineering in the Alps, nor would it occur to any other climber of the arrogant sort who may also be a sportsman. We set climbing on a pedestal above the common recreations of men. We hold it apart and label it as something that has a special value.

This, though it passes with all too little comment, is a plain act of rebellion. It is a serious deviation from the normal standard of rightness and wrongness, and if we were to succeed in establishing our value for mountaineering we should upset the whole order of society, just as completely as it would be upset if a sufficient number of people who claimed to be enlightened were to eat eggs with knives and regard with disdain the poor folk who ate them with spoons.

But there is a propriety of behaviour for rebels as for others. Society can at least expect of rebels that they explain themselves. Other men are exempt from this duty because they use the recognised labels in the conventional ways. Sporting practice and religious observance were at one time placed above, or below, the need of explanation. They were bottled and labelled " Extra dry," and this valuation was accepted as a premise for a priori judgments by society in general. Rebel minorities have sometimes behaved in the same way, and by the very arrogance of their dogmatism have made a revolution. The porridge-with-salt men have introduced a fashion which decrees that it is right to eat salt with porridge, and no less wrong to conceal its true nature by any other disguise than to pass the bottle from left to right instead of oppositewise. This triumph was secured only by self-assured arrogance. But the correct method for rebels is that they set forth their case for the world to see.

Climbers who, like myself, take the high line have much to explain, and it is time they set about it. Notoriously they endanger their lives. With what object? If only for some physical pleasure, to enjoy certain movements of the body and to experience the zest of emulation, then it is not worth while. Climbers are only a particularly foolish set of desperadoes ; they are on the same plane with hunters, and many degrees less reasonable. The only defence for mountaineering puts it on a higher plane than mere physical sensation. It is asserted that the climber experiences higher emotions; he gets some good for his soul. His opponent may well feel sceptical about this argument. He, too, may claim to consider his soul's good when he can take a holiday. Probably it is true of anyone who spends a well-earned fortnight in healthy enjoyment at the seaside that he comes back a better, that is to say a more virtuous man than he went. Ho w are the climber's joys worth more than the seaside ? What are these higher emotions to which he refers so elusively ? And if they really are so valuable, is there no safer way of reaching them ? Do mountaineers consider these questions and answer them again and again from fresh experience, or are they content with some magic certainty born of comparative ignorance long ago ?

It would be a wholesome tonic, perhaps, more often to meet an adversary who argued on these lines. In practice I find that few men ever want to discuss mountaineering seriously. I suppose they imagine that a discussion with me would be unprofitable; and I must confess that if anyone does open the question my impulse is to put him off. I can assume a vague disdain for civilisation, and I can make phrases about beautiful surroundings, and puff them out, as one who has a secret and does not care to reveal it because no one would understand—phrases which refer to the divine riot of Nature in her ecstasy of making mountains.

Thus I appeal to the effect of mountain scenery upon my aesthetic sensibility. But, even if I can communicate by words a true feeling, I have explained nothing. Aesthetic delight is vitally connected with our performance, but it neither explains nor excuses it. No one for a moment dreams that our apparently wilful proceedings are determined merely by our desire to see what is beautiful. The mountain railway could cater for such desires. By providing view-points at a number of stations, and by concealing all signs of its own mechanism. It might be so completely organised that all the aesthetic joys of the mountaineer should be offered to its intrepid ticketholders. It would achieve this object with a comparatively small expenditure of time, and would even have, one might suppose, a decisive advantage by affording to all lovers of the mountains the opportunity of sharing their emotions with a large and varied multitude of their fellow-men. And yet the idea of associating this mechanism with a snow mountain is the abomination of every species of mountaineer. To him it appears as a kind of rape. The fact that he so regards it indicates the emphasis with which he rejects the crude aesthetic reasons as his central defence.

I suppose that, in the opinion of many people who have opportunities of judging, mountaineers have no ground for claiming for their pursuit a superiority as regards the natural beauties that attend it. An d certainly many huntsmen would resent their making any such claim. We cannot, therefore, remove mountaineering from the plane of hunting by a composite representation of its merits—by asserting that physical .and aesthetic joys are blent for us and not for others.

Nevertheless, I a m still arrogant, and still confident in the superiority of mountaineering over all other forms of recreation. But what do I mean by this superiority ? And in what measure do I claim it ? On what level do we place mountaineering ? What place in the whole order of experience is occupied by our experience as mountaineers ? The answer to these questions must be very nearly connected with the whole explanation of our position; it ma y actually be found to include in itself a defence of mountaineering.

It must be admitted at the outset that our periodic literature gives little indication that our performance is concerned no less with the spiritual side of us than with the physical. This is, in part, because we require certain practical information of anyone who describes an expedition. Our journals, with one exception, do not pretend to be elevated literature, but aim only at providing useful knowledge for climbers. With this purpose w e try to show exactly where upon a mountain our course lay, in what manner the conditions of snow and ice and rocks and weather were or were not favourable to our enterprise, and what were the actual difficulties we had to overcome and the dangers we had to meet. Naturally, if we accept these circumstances, the impulse for literary expression vanishes; not so much because the matter is not suitable as because, for literary expression, it is too difficult to handle. A big expedition in the Alps, say a traverse of Mont Blanc, would be a superb theme for an epic poem. But we are not all even poets, still less Homers or Miltons. We do, indeed, possess lyric poetry that is concerned with mountains, and value it highly for the expression of much that we feel about them. But little of it can be said to suggest that mountaineering in the technical sense offers an emotional experience which cannot otherwise be reached. A few essays and a few descriptions do give some indication that the spiritual part of man is concerned. Most of those who describe expeditions do not even treat them as adventure, still less as being connected with any emotional experience peculiar to mountaineering. Some writers, after the regular careful references to matters. of plain fact, insert a paragraph dealing summarily with an aesthetic experience; the greater part make a bare allusion to such feelings or neglect them altogether, and perhaps these are the wisest sort.

And yet it is not so very difficult to write about aesthetic impressions in some way so as to give pleasure. If we do not ask too much, many writers are able to please us in this. respect. We may be pleased, without being stirred to the depths, by anyone who can make us believe that he has. experienced aesthetically; we may not be able to feel with him what he has felt, but if he talks about it simply we may be quite delighted to perceive that he has felt as we too are capable of feeling. Mountaineers who write do not, as a rule, succeed even in this small degree. If they are so bold as to attempt a sunset or sunrise, we too often feel uncertain as, we read that they have felt anything—and this even though we may know quite well that they are accustomed to feel as we feel ourselves.

These observations about our mountain literature are not made by way of censure or in disappointment; they are put forward as phenomena, which have to be explained, not so. much by the nature of mountaineers, but rather by the nature of their performance. The explanation which commends itself to me is derived very simply from the conception of mountaineering, which, expressed or unexpressed, is common, I imagine, to all us of the arrogant sort. W e do not think that our aesthetic experiences of sunrises and sunsets and clouds and thunder are supremely important facts in mountaineering, but rather that they cannot thus be separated and catalogued and described individually as experiences at all They are not incidental in mountaineering, but a vital and inseparable part of it; they are not ornamental, but structural ; they are not various items causing emotion but parts of an emotional whole; they are the crystal pools perhaps, but they owe their life to a continuous stream.

It is this unity that makes so many attempts to describe aesthetic detail seem futile. Somehow they miss the point and fail to touch us. It is because they are only fragments. If we take one moment and present its emotional quality apart from the whole, it has lost the very essence that gave it a value. If we write about an expedition from the emotional point of view in any part of it, we ought so to write about the whole adventure from beginning to end.

A day well spent in the Alps is like some great symphony. Andante, andantissimo sometimes, is the first movement—the grim, sickening plod up the moraine. But how forgotten when the blue light of dawn flickers over the hard, clean snow! The new motif is ushered in, as it were, very gently on the lesser wind instruments, hautboys and flutes, remote but melodious and infinitely hopeful, caught by the violins in the growing light, and torn out by all the bows with quivering chords as the summits, one by one, are enmeshed in the gold web of day, till at last the whole band, in triumphant accord, has seized the air and romps in magnificent frolic, because there you are at last marching, all a-tingle with warm blood, under the sun. And so throughout the day successive moods induce the symphonic whole—allegro while you break the back of an expedition and the issue is still in doubt; scherzo, perhaps, as you leap up the final rocks of the arete or cut steps in a last short slope, with the ice-chips dancing and swimming and bubbling and bounding with magic gaiety over the crisp surface in their mad glissade ; and then, for the descent, sometimes again andante, because, while the summit was still to win, you forgot that the business of descending may be serious and long; but in the end scherzo once more—with the brakes on for sunset.

Expeditions in the Alps are all different, no less than symphonies are different, and each is a fresh experience. Not all are equally buoyant with hope and strength; nor is it only the proportion of grim to pleasant that varies, but no less the quality of these and other ingredients and the manner of their mixing. But every mountain adventure is emotionally complete. The spirit goes on a journey just as does the body, and this journey has a beginning and an end, and is concerned with all that happens between these extremities. You cannot say that one part of your adventure was emotional while another was not, any more than you can say of your journey that one part was travelling and another was not. You cannot subtract parts and still have the whole. Each part depends for its value upon all the other parts, and the manner in which it is related to them. The glory of sunrise in the Alps is not independent of what has passed and what's to come ; without the day that is dying and the night that is to come the reverie of sunset would be less suggestive, and the deep valley-lights would lose their promise of repose. Still more, the ecstasy of the summit is conditioned by the events of getting up and the prospects of getting down.

Mountain scenes occupy the same place in our consciousness with remembered melody. It is all one whether I find myself humming the air of some great symphonic movement or gazing upon some particular configuration of rock and snow, or peak and glacier, or even more humbly upon some colour harmony of meadow and sweet pinewood in Alpine valley. Impressions of things seen return unbidden to the mind, so that we seem to have whole series of places where we love to spend idle moments, inns, as it were, inviting us by the roadside, and many of them pleasant and comfortable Gorphwysfas, so well known to us by now that we make the journey easily enough with a homing instinct, and never feel a shock of surprise, however remote they seem, when we find ourselves there. Many people, it appears, have strange dreamlands, where they are accustomed to wander at ease, where no " dull brain perplexes and retards," nor tired body and heavy limbs, but where the whole emotional being flows, unrestrained and unencumbered, it knows not whither, like a stream rippling happily in its clean sandy bed, careless towards the infinite. My own experience has more of the earth. My mental homes are real places, distinctly seen and not hard to recognise. Only a little while ago, when a sentence I was writing got into a terrible tangle, I visited one of them. A n infant river meanders coolly in a broad, grassy valley; it winds along as gently almost as some glassy snake of the plains, for the valley is so flat that its slope is imperceptible. The green hills on either side are smooth and pleasing to the eye, and eventually close in, though not completely. Here the stream plunges down a steep and craggy hillside far into the shadow of a deeper valley. You may follow it down by a rough path, and then, turning aside, before you quite reach the bottom of the second valley, along a grassy ledge, you may find a modest inn. The scene was visited in reality by three tired walkers at the end of a first day in the Alps a few seasons back. It is highly agreeable. When I discover myself looking again upon the features of this landscape, I walk no longer in a vain shadow, disquieting myself, but a delicious serenity embraces my whole being. In another scene which I still sometimes visit, though not so often as formerly, the main feature is a number of uniform truncated cones with a circular base of, perhaps, 8 in. diameter; they are made of reddish sand. They were, in fact, made long ago by filling a flower-pot with sandy soil from the country garden where I spent a considerable part of my childhood. The emotional quality of this scene is more exciting than that of the other. It recalls the first occasion upon which I made sand-pies, and something of the creative force of that moment is associated with the tidy little heaps of reddish sand.

For any ardent mountaineer whose imaginative parts are made like mine, normally, as I should say, the mountains will naturally supply a large part of this hinterland, and the more important scenes will probably be mountainous—an indication in itself that the mountain experiences, unless they are merely terrible, are particularly valuable.

It is difficult to see why certain moments should have this queer vitality, as though the mind's home contained some mystic cavern set with gems which wait only for a gleam of light to reveal their hidden glory. What principle is it that determines this vitality? Perhaps the analogy with musical experience ma y still suffice. Mountain scenes appear to recur, not only in the same quality with tunes from a great work, say, Mozart or Beethoven, but from the same differentiating cause. It is not mere intensity of feeling that determines the places of tunes in my subconscious self, but chiefly some other principle. When the chords of melody are split, and unsatisfied suggestions of complete harmony are tossed among the instruments; when the firm rhythm is lost in remote pools and eddies, the mind roams perplexed ; it experiences remorse and associates it with no cause; grief, and it names no sad event; desires crying aloud and unfulfilled, and yet it will not formulate the object of them; but when the great tide of music rises with a resolved purpose, floating the strewn wreckage and bearing it up together in its embracing stream, like a supreme spirit in the glorious act of creation, then the vague distresses and cravings are satisfied, a divine completeness of harmony possesses all the senses and the mind as though the universe and the individual were in exact accord, pursuing a common aim with the efficiency of mechanical perfection. Similarly, some parts of a climbing day give us the feeling of things unfulfilled; w e doubt and tremble; w e go forward not as me n determined to reach a fixed goal; our plans do not convince us and miscarry; discomforts are not willingly accepted as a proper necessity; spirit and body seem to betray each other: but a time comes when all this is changed and w e experience a harmony and a satisfaction. T h e individual is in a sense submerged, yet not so as to be less conscious; rather his consciousness is specially alert, and he comes to a finer realisation of himself than ever before. It is these moments of supremely harmonious experience that remain always with us and part of us. Other times and other scenes besides may be summoned back to gleam across the path, elusive revenants; but those that are born of the supreme accord are more substantial; they are the real immortals. Sensation may fill the mind with melody remembered, so that the great leading airs of a symphony become an emotional commonplace for all who have heard it, and for mountaineers it may with no less facility evoke a mountain scene.

But once again. What is the value of our emotional experience among mountains? W e may show by comparison the kind of feeling we have, but might not that comparison be applied with a similar result in other spheres ?

How it would disturb the cool contempt of the arrogant mountaineer to whisper in his ear, " Why not drop it and take up, say. Association football ?" Not, of course, if a footballer made the remark, because the mountaineer would merely humour him as he would humour a child. That, at least, is the line I should take myself, and I can't imagine that, for instance, a proper president of the Alpine Club, if approached in this way by the corresponding functionary of the A.F.A., could adopt any other. But supposing a member of the club were to make the suggestion—with the emendation, lest this should be ridiculous, of golf instead of football—imagine the righteousness of his wrath and the majesty of his anger! And yet it is as well to consider whether the footballers, golfers, etc., of this world have not some experience akin to ours. The exteriors of sportsmen are so arranged as to suggest that they have not; but if we are to pursue the truth in a whole-hearted fashion we must, at all costs, go further and see what lies beyond the faces and clothes of sporting men. Happily, as a sportsman myself, I know what the real feelings of sportsmen are; it is clear enough to me that the great majority of them have the same sort of experience as mountaineers.

It is abundantly clear to me, and even too abundantly. The fact that sportsmen are, with regard to their sport, highly emotional beings is at once so strange and so true that a lifetime might well be spent in the testing of it. Very pleasant it would be to linger among the curious jargons, the outlandish manners—barbaric heartiness, mediaeval chivalry, " side " and " swank," if these can be distinguished, in their various appearances—and the mere facial expressions &f the different species in the genus; and to see how all alike have one main object, to disguise the depth of their real sentiment. But these matters are to be enjoyed and digested in the plenty of leisure hours, and I must put them by for now. The plain facts are sufficient for this occasion. Th e elation of sportsmen in success,- their depression in failure, their long-spun vivacity in anecdote—these are the great tests, and by their quality may be seen the elemental play of emotions among all kinds of sportsmen. The footballers, the cricketers, the golfers, the batters and bailers—to be short, of all the one hundred and thirty-one varieties, .all dream by day and by night as the climber dreams. Spheroidic prodigies are immortal each in its locality. The place comes back to the hero with the culminating event—the moment when a round, inanimate object was struck supremely well; and all the great race of hunters, in more lands than one, the me n who hunt fishes and fowls and beasts after their kind, from perch to spotted seaserpent, fat pheasant to dainty lark or thrush, tame deer to jungle-bred monster, all hunters dream of killing animals, whether they be small or great, and whether they be gentle or ferocious. Sport is for sportsmen a part of their emotional experience, as mountaineering is for mountaineers.

How, then, shall we distinguish emotionally between the mountaineer and the sportsman ?

The great majority of men are in a sense artists ; some are active and creative, and some participate passively. No doubt those who create differ in some way fundamentally from those who do not create ; but they hold this artistic impulse in common: all alike desire expression for the emotional side of their nature. The behaviour of those who are devoted to the higher forms of Art shows this clearly enough. It is clearest of all, perhaps, in the drama, in dancing, and in music. Not only those who perform are artists, but also those wh o are moved by the performance. Artists, in this sense, are not distinguished by the power of expressing emotion, but the power of feeling that emotional experience out of which Art is made. We recognise this when w e speak of individuals as artistic, though they have no pretension to create Art. Arrogant mountaineers are all artistic, independently of any other consideration, because they cultivate emotional experience for its own sake; and so for the same reason are sportsmen. It is not paradoxical to assert that all sportsmen—real sportsmen, I mean—are artistic; it is merely to apply that term logically, as it ought to be applied. A large part of the human race is covered in this way by an epithet usually vague and specialised, and so it ought to be. No difference in kind divides the individual who is commonly said to be artistic from the sportsman who is supposed not so to be. On the contrary, the sportsman is a recognisable kind of artist. So soon as pleasure is being pursued, not simply for its face value, as it is being pursued at this moment by the cook below, who is chatting with the fishmonger when I know she ought to be basting the joint, not in the simplest way, but for some more remote and emotional object, it partakes of the nature of Art. This distinction ma y easily be perceived in the world of sport. It points the difference between one who is content to paddle a boat by himself because he likes the exercise, or likes the sensation of occupying a boat upon the water, or wants to use the water to get to some desirable spot, and one who trains for a race; the difference between kicking a football and playing in a game of football; the difference between riding individually for the liver's sake and riding to hounds. Certainly neither the sportsman nor the mountaineer can be accused of taking his pleasure simply. Both are artists ; and the fact that he has in view an emotional experience does not remove the mountaineer even from the devotee of Association football.

But there is Art and ART . W e ma y distinguish amongst artists. Without an exact classification or order of merit w e do so distinguish habitually. The " Fine Arts " are called " fine " presumably because we consider that all Arts are not fine. The epithet artistic is commonly limited to those who are seen to have the artistic sense developed in a peculiar degree.

It is precisely in making these distinctions that we may estimate what we set out to determine—the value of mountaineering in the whole order of our emotional experience. To what part of the artistic sense of man does mountaineering belong ? To the part that causes him to be moved by music or painting, or to the part that makes him enjoy a game?

By putting the question in this form we perceive at once the gulf that divides the arrogant mountaineer from the sportsman. It seemed perfectly natural to compare a day in the Alps with a symphony. For mountaineers of my sort mountaineering is rightfully so comparable; but no sportsman could or would make the same claim for cricket or hunting, or whatever his particular sport might be. He recognises the existence of the sublime in great Art, and knows, even if he cannot feel, that its manner of stirring the heart is altogether different and vaster. But mountaineers do not admit this difference in the emotional plane of mountaineering and Art. They claim that something sublime is the essence of mountaineering. They can compare the call of the hills to the melody of wonderful music, and the comparison is not ridiculous.

George Leigh Mallory. (1914). The Mountaineer as Artist.

Version française :

Je crois distinguer deux types d'alpinistes : ceux qui ont une haute idée de leur activité et ceux qui ne lui accordent pas une importance particulière. Il m'est déprimant de voir combien je les comprends peu, les uns comme les autres, et j'ai peine à croire que les seconds soient aussi stupides que je l'imagine. Peut-être qu'il ne s'agit que d'une question d'attitude. Mais si tel est le cas, celle des alpinistes du premier genre heurte moins violemment la raison. Pour eux, grimper est plus qu'un simple divertissement, grimper a plus de sens que d'autres formes d'activités sportives peuvent en avoir pour les autres hommes ; grimper a une importance reconnue dans la vie. Si on pouvait les en priver, ils le vivraient comme une dégradation, une perte de valeur. Pour ceux qui s'en font une haute idée, l'alpinisme peut être l'une des voies modernes de salut, au même titre que le baguenaudage, les statistiques et d'autres formes de culture, et plus complètement qu'aucune d'entre elles. Ils ont à l'égard de ce passe-temps une arrogance que rien n'égale, pas même celle du plus fier des tueurs de tétras. Il ne leur viendrait jamais à l'esprit de le comparer aux sports collectifs. Ils ont un incommensurable sentiment de supériorité. Pourtant, ils n'expliquent rien. Je suis moi-même du type arrogant et je peux facilement servir d'exemple, car il se trouve que je suis aussi un sportif. Cette qualité n'interfère en rien avec mes habitudes : on peut aisément être un sportif sans n'avoir jamais marché avec un fusil sous le bras ou monté à cheval avec grâce. Je suis un sportif simplement parce que mes congénères disent que je le suis ; il serait impossible de les convaincre du contraire, et s'en plaindre ne sert à rien ; ayant humblement accepté mon sort, bien installé dans ce mode de vie, je suis fier de montrer, si j'en suis capable, combien je mérite ce titre. Même si un sportif peut être vierge de résultats, celui qui a acquis une telle réputation en fera la preuve s'il le peut. Or, il est évident que toute expédition dans les Alpes est de nature sportive - presque agressivement sportive. Et pourtant, il ne me viendrait jamais à l'idée de prouver mon titre par une quelconque référence à l'alpinisme dans les Alpes, pas plus qu'à aucun autre alpiniste du type arrogant qui s'avérerait être aussi un sportif. Nous plaçons l'alpinisme sur un piédestal, au-dessus des récréations communes des hommes. Nous le classons à part, nous lui accordons une valeur particulière. Il s'agit, on le dit trop peu, d'un authentique acte de rébellion, d'un écart sérieux au regard des normes acceptées. Si nous pouvions établir notre valeur en alpinisme, nous bouleverserions l'ordre social tout aussi radicalement que si un nombre suffisant de prétendus éclairés se mettaient à manger les œufs avec un couteau et à mépriser les pauvres types qui le font avec une cuillère. Mais les rebelles, eux aussi, doivent respecter certaines convenances. La société attend d'eux, a minima, qu'ils s'expliquent. D'autres sont exemptés de cette obligation, car ils utilisent des labels reconnus. Les pratiques sportives et religieuses se situaient autrefois au-dessus, ou au-dessous, de tout besoin d'explication. On les mettait en bouteille, on les étiquetait « extra-dry », et cette évaluation était acceptée comme préliminaire d'un jugement a priori par la société en général. Certaines minorités rebelles se sont parfois comportées de la même manière et, par l'arrogance même de leur dogmatisme, ont fait une révolution. Les partisans du porridge salé ont créé une mode selon laquelle il est tout aussi juste d'ajouter du sel dans son porridge que de cacher sa véritable nature en passant la bouteille de gauche à droite plutôt que l'inverse. Ce triomphe n'a été obtenu que par une arrogance assumée. Cependant, la bonne méthode pour les rebelles consiste à présenter des arguments au monde. Les alpinistes qui, comme moi, empruntent la voie haute ont beaucoup à expliquer, et il est temps qu'ils s'y mettent. Il est notoire qu'ils mettent leur vie en danger. Pour quelle raison ? S'il ne s'agit que de plaisir physique, du goût du corps en mouvement et d'un zeste d'émulation, cela n'est pas digne d'intérêt. Les alpinistes ne sont qu'un groupe de desperados particulièrement stupides ; ils sont sur le même plan que les chasseurs, et à bien des degrés moins raisonnables. La seule façon de défendre l'alpinisme, c'est de le placer sur un plan supérieur, au-dessus de la simple sensation physique. On affirmera que l'alpiniste éprouve des émotions plus élevées; qu'il fait du bien à son âme. Son adversaire se montrera sceptique quant a cet argument. Lui aussi peut prétendre au bien de son âme lorsqu'il prend des vacances. Il est probable que celui qui s'offre deux semaines de réjouissances saines et méritées en bord de mer reviendra meilleur, c'est-à-dire dans une condition plus vertueuse qu'au départ. En quoi les joies de l'alpiniste sont-elles plus précieuses? Quelles sont ces émotions supérieures auxquelles il se réfère de manière si insaisissable ?.Et si elles ont tant de valeur, n'existe-t-il pas un moyen plus sûr de les atteindre? Les alpinistes réfléchissent-ils à ces questions? Cherchent-ils à y répondre en partant sans cesse vers de nouvelles expériences ou se contentent-ils de certitudes magiques ancrées dans de vieilles ignorances ? Il serait très stimulant de rencontrer plus souvent un adversaire qui argumenterait sur ces questions. Dans la pratique, j'observe que peu d'hommes souhaitent discuter sérieusement de l'alpinisme. Je suppose qu'ils s'imaginent qu'une discussion avec moi ne serait pas profitable; et je dois avouer que si quelqu'un aborde cette question, mon instinct est de le décourager. Je suis capable de professer un vague mépris pour la civilisation, de m'en tirer avec quelques phrases sur la beauté des paysages et le désordre divin de la Nature dans sa création extatique des montagnes, de les renvoyer dans leurs cordes pour ne pas révéler un secret que personne ne comprendrait. En cela, je fais appel à l'effet des paysages de montagne sur ma sensibilité esthétique. Je peux communiquer par des mots un sentiment vrai, mais je n'explique rien. Le plaisir esthétique est au cœur de nos entreprises, mais il ne saurait les expliquer ni les excuser. Personne ne peut envisager un seul instant que nos actions soient simplement déterminées par notre désir de voir la beauté. Le chemin de fer en montagne pourrait combler de tels souhaits. En proposant des points de vue à chaque arrêt et en dissimulant tous les signes de sa mécanique, il pourrait être si parfaitement organisé que toutes les joies esthétiques de l'alpiniste seraient offertes à ses intrépides détenteurs de billets. Il permettrait ainsi d'atteindre ce but en un temps relativement réduit, et offrirait même l'occasion aux vrais amoureux de la montagne de partager leurs émotions avec une multitude de leurs semblables. Et pourtant, l'idée d'associer cette mécanique à une montagne enneigée est une abomination pour tout alpiniste, une sorte de viol - ce qui montre à quel point il refuse de faire des pures raisons esthétiques sa motivation première. Je suppose que, pour ceux qui sont en position d'en juger, les alpinistes n'ont aucun titre à prétendre que leur quête offre, plus que toute autre, accès aux beautés de la nature. De nombreux chasseurs seraient certainement heurtés par une telle affirmation. On ne peut donc pas distinguer l'alpinisme de la chasse en vantant ses mérites composites et en affirmant que ces joies physiques et esthétiques nous sont réservées. Quoi qu'il en soit, je reste arrogant, et convaincu de la supériorité de l'alpinisme sur toutes les autres formes de loisirs. Mais qu'est-ce que cette supériorité signifie pour moi ? Et dans quelle mesure dois-je y prétendre? À quel niveau place-t-on l'alpinisme? Quelle place notre expérience d'alpiniste occupe-t-elle dans l'ordre de l'expérience en général? La réponse à ces questions doit être étroitement liée à l'explication globale de notre position; elle pourrait constituer en elle-même une défense de l'alpinisme. Il faut admettre d'emblée que nos publications périodiques - donnent peu d'indications sur le fait que nos performances ont une dimension spirituelle autant que physique. Cela tient en partie à ce que nous exigeons certaines informations pratiques de la part de quiconque décrit une ascension'. Nos revues, à une exception près, ne prétendent pas être de la littérature de haut niveau, mais visent uniquement à fournir des connaissances utiles aux alpinistes. Dans ce but, nous essayons de montrer avec exactitude où se trouvait notre voie sur une montagne, de quelle manière les conditions de neige, de glace, de rocher et la météo étaient ou non favorables à notre entreprise, quelles étaient les difficultés réelles que nous avons dû surmonter et les dangers auxquels nous devions faire face. Naturellement, si nous acceptons ces contraintes, l'impulsion littéraire disparaît; non pas tant parce que le sujet ne s'y prête pas, mais plutôt parce que, pour l'expression littéraire, il est trop difficile à traiter.

Une grande ascension dans les Alpes, par exemple une traversée du mont Blanc, serait un superbe thème pour un poème épique. Mais nous ne sommes pas tous poètes, encore moins Homère ou Milton. Certes, nous savons trouver des élans lyriques et poétiques pour exprimer ce que nous ressentons face aux montagnes, et nous en usons avec plaisir. Mais rien ou presque de tout cela ne suggère que l'alpinisme, au sens technique du terme, offre une expérience émotionnelle qui ne peut pas être atteinte autrement. Quelques essais et quelques descriptions abordent timidement cette dimension spirituelle. Mais la plupart de ceux qui décrivent des ascensions n'y voient aucune aventure, aucune dimension émotionnelle propre à l'alpinisme. Certains auteurs, après les références inévitables et minutieuses aux faits, insèrent un paragraphe traitant sommairement d'une expérience esthétique; la plupart font une simple allusion à de tels sentiments ou les négligent complètement, et ce sont peut-être les plus sages. Pourtant, il n'est pas si difficile d'écrite sur des impressions esthétiques de manière à partager ce plaisir. Si l'on n'en demande pas trop, bien des écrivains sont capables de nous satisfaire à cet égard. Nous pourrions être comblés, sans être émus aux tréfonds, par qui saurait nous transmettre ce qu'il a éprouvé esthétiquement; sans forcément partager avec lui tout ce qu'il a vécu, nous pourrions, s'il en parle simplement, être simplement heureux de voir qu'il a ressenti ce que nous aussi sommes capables de ressentir. Mais les alpinistes qui écrivent ne réussissent généralement pas, même dans une si faible mesure. S'ils ont l'audace de tenter un coucher ou un lever de soleil, nous doutons trop souvent en les lisant qu'ils aient ressenti quoi que ce soit - et cela, même si nous savons qu'ils sont accoutumés à ressentir ce que nous ressentons nous-mêmes. Ces observations sur notre littérature de montagne ne sont pas faites sous le coup de la déception; il faut les énoncer et tenter d'expliquer le phénomène non pas tant par la nature des alpinistes que par la nature de leurs performances. L'explication qui s'impose à moi découle très simplement d'une conception de l'alpinisme qui, exprimée ou non, est commune, j'imagine, à tous les arrogants que nous sommes. Nos expériences esthétiques des levers et couchers de soleil, des nuages et de l'orage ne nous semblent pas être des faits d'une suprême importance en termes d'alpinisme; il nous est impossible de les isoler, de les cataloguer et de les décrire individuellement comme des expériences. Pourtant, elles ne sont pas accessoires en alpinisme, mais en constituent une partie vitale et indissociable du tout ; elles ne sont pas ornementales, mais structurelles; ce ne sont pas des éléments épars déclenchant des émotions, elles forment un ensemble émotionnel cohérent. Ce sont des bassins d'eaux cristallines qui n'existent que par le courant qui les traverse. C'est cette unité qui rend vaines tant de tentatives de description des détails esthétiques qui passent à côté de l'essentiel et ne nous touchent pas. C'est parce qu'il ne s'agit que de fragments. Si nous nous arrêtons pour isoler la qualité émotionnelle d'un moment, il perd l'essence même de ce qui faisait sa valeur. Si l'on prend le point de vue des émotions pour écrire un quelconque moment d'une ascension, il faut écrire ainsi sur toute l'aventure, du début a la fin. Une belle journée passée dans les Alpes est comme une grande symphonie, Andante, andantissimo, tel est parfois le premier mouvement - la marche nocturne, sévère et nauséeuse, sur les moraines. Mais comme c'est vite oublié lorsque la lumière bleue de l'aube scintille sur la neige dure et immaculée ! Le nouveau motif est introduit tout en douceur par les petits instruments à vent, hautbois et flûtes, lointains, mélodieux et porteurs d'infinis espoirs, repris par les violons dans la lumière qui s'affirme puis par tous les archets en accords frémissants tandis que la toile d'or du jour se pose sur les sommets, un à un, jusqu'à ce que l'orchestre, en accord triomphant, s'empare du thème dans un élan magnifique, car vous voilà enfin en marche sous le soleil, frissonnant d'émotion et du sang chaud circulant dans les veines. Ainsi, au long de la journée, des humeurs successives balayent tout le spectre symphonique - allegro quand le plus dur est passé mais que l'issue de la course est encore incertaine; scherzo, peut-être, quand vous sautez sur les rochers de l'arête sommitale ou taillez des marches dans un dernier ressaut, que les éclats de glace voltigent sur la surface croustillante dans une danse joyeuse et magique avant de plonger dans une folle glissade ; et puis, à la descente, andante parfois encore, parce qu'on a oublié qu'elle pouvait être longue, sérieuse tant que le sommet était encore en ligne de mire; mais a la fin, scherzo encore une fois - et un dernier silence pour le coucher du soleil. Les ascensions dans les Alpes, comme les symphonies, sont toutes différentes, et chacune est une expérience nouvelle. Toutes ne sont pas aussi chargées d'espoir et de force; la part du sombre et du plaisir varie, ainsi que la qualité de ces ingrédients et la manière de les mélanger. Chaque aventure en montagne est émotionnellement complète. L'esprit part en voyage autant que le corps; ce voyage a un début et une fin, tout ce qui se passe entre ces deux moments en fait la saveur. Vous ne pouvez pas dire qu'une partie de votre aventure a été émotionnelle tandis qu'une autre ne l'a pas été, vous ne pouvez pas dire de votre aventure qu'une partie a été un voyage et une autre ne l'a pas été. Vous ne pouvez pas extraire des parties et conserver le tout. La valeur de chaque partie dépend de toutes les autres parties et de la manière dont elle leur est liée, La gloire d'un lever du soleil sur les Alpes n'est pas indépendante de ce qui s'est passé et de ce qui va arriver; sans le jour qui se meurt et la nuit qui va venir, la rêverie du coucher du soleil serait moins suggestive, et les lumières lointaines de la vallée perdraient leur promesse de repos. L'extase du sommet est conditionnée par les événements de l'ascension et les perspectives de descente. Les scènes de montagne occupent la même place dans notre conscience qu'une mélodie mémorisée. Il y a une unité entre fredonner l'air d'un grand mouvement symphonique et contempler une formation de roche et de neige, un pic et un glacier, ou plus humblement l'harmonie de couleurs des prés et des pinèdes dans une vallée alpine. Les impressions des choses vues reviennent spontanément à l'esprit pour nous offrir une série d'endroits où nous aimons passer des moments de farniente, comme des auberges accueillantes au bord de la route; beaucoup de ces lieux, Gorffwysfas 2 agréables et confortables, nous les connaissons si bien que le voyage est facile, on s'y sent à la maison et, aussi lointains qu'ils puissent paraître, on n'est jamais surpris de s'y retrouver. Nombreux sont ceux, semble-t-il, qui connaissent ces étranges pays oniriques où l'on erre à sa guise sans que « l'esprit lourd hésite et paresse », où l'on ne connait ni fatigue du corps ni jambes de plomb, mais ou tout l'être émotionnel coule sans but connu, sans retenue et sans entrave, comme un ruisseau serpentant joyeusement dans son lit sablonneux, clair, insouciant, vers l'infini. Ma propre expérience est plus terrestre. Les foyers de mon esprit sont des lieux réels, vus distinctement et faciles à reconnaître. Récemment encore, alors qu'une phrase que je tentais d'écrire s'embrouillait sous mes doigts, j'ai visité l'un d'eux. Près de sa source, un ruisseau étire tranquillement ses méandres dans une large vallée d'alpage; il serpente doucement, comme un luisant serpent des plaines, car la pente est imperceptible.

Les sommets verdoyants alentour, doux et agréables à l'œil, se rapprochent peu à peu, jusqu'au point où le torrent plonge dans un versant abrupt vers l'ombre lointaine d'une vallée profonde. On peut le suivre par un sentier escarpé, puis bifurquer vers une vire herbeuse peu avant d'atteindre le fond de la seconde vallée où se trouve peut-être une modeste auberge. La scène a été visitée en réalité par trois marcheurs fatigués à la fin d'une première journée dans les Alpes il y a quelques saisons. Elle est agréable au plus haut point. Quand je me retrouve à contempler à nouveau les traits de ce paysage, je ne marche plus, inquiet, dans l'ombre vaine, mais une délicieuse sérénité envahit tout mon être. Dans une autre scène qu'il m'arrive encore de visiter, quoique moins souvent qu'autrefois, l'élément principal est une série de cônes tronqués de sable rougeâtre, tous identiques, d'une vingtaine de centimètres de diamètre. Ils ont été fabriqués il y a bien longtemps en remplissant un pot de fleurs avec la terre sableuse du jardin de campagne ou j'ai passé une grande partie de mon enfance. La qualité émotionnelle de cette scène est plus excitante que celle de l'autre. Elle me rappelle la première fois où j'ai fait des châteaux de sable, et quelque chose de la force créatrice de ce moment est associé aux petits tas bien alignés de sable rouge. Pour tout alpiniste passionné dont l'imagination est faite comme la mienne, normalement, devrais je dire, les montagnes alimenteront naturellement une grande partie de cet arrière pays, et les scènes les plus importantes s'y dérouleront probablement - une indication en soi que les expériences en montagne, à moins qu'elles ne soient simplement terribles, sont particulièrement précieuses. Il est difficile de comprendre pourquoi certains moments ont cette étrange vitalité, comme si la demeure de l'esprit recelait quelque caverne mystique sertie de gemmes n'attendant qu'un rayon de lumière pour révéler leur gloire cachée. Quel est le principe qui détermine cette vitalité ? Peut-être que l'analogie avec l'expérience musicale suffit encore. Les scènes de montagne semblent nous revenir en mémoire avec la qualité d'une mélodie de Mozart ou de Beethoven, et pour une même cause singulière. Ce n'est pas seulement l'intensité du sentiment qui détermine la place des mélodies dans mon subconscient mais, au premier chef, un autre principe. Lorsque les accords de la mélodie s'éloignent, que l'harmonie peine à s'installer entre les instruments, quand le rythme hésite, se perd dans des tourbillons lointains, l'esprit vagabonde, perplexe. Il éprouve des remords sans les associer à aucune cause ; du chagrin, sans identifier aucun événement triste ; d'intenses désirs inassouvis dont il ne formule pas l'objet ; mais lorsque la grande vague musicale s'élève dans un dessein résolu, soulevant les débris flottant pour les entraîner dans un même courant comme un esprit suprême dans l'acte glorieux de la création, alors les frustrations se dissolvent et les désirs sont satisfaits, la divine complétude de l'harmonie s'empare des sens et de l'esprit comme si l'univers et l'individu étaient en parfait accord, travaillant pour un but commun avec une perfection mécanique. De la même façon, certaines parties d'une journée en montagne peuvent nous laisser un sentiment d'inachevé ; nous doutons et tremblons; nous n'avançons pas comme des hommes déterminés à atteindre leur but ; nos plans fragiles échouent ; l'inconfort n'est plus accepté comme une vraie nécessité ; l'esprit et le corps semblent se trahir l'un l'autre : mais il arrive un moment où tout cela change, où nous retrouvons l'harmonie et la satisfaction. Alors l'individu est, en quelque sorte, submergé, non qu'il soit moins conscient, au contraire, sa conscience est particulièrement alerte et il parvient à une meilleure réalisation de lui-même que jamais auparavant. Ces moments d'expérience suprêmement harmonieuse ne nous quitteront plus, ils feront partie de nous. D'autres époques et d'autres scènes peuvent être convoquées pour éclairer notre chemin comme des revenants insaisissables; mais ceux qui naissent de l'accord suprême sont plus substantiels ; ce sont les vrais immortels. La sensation peut offrir à l'esprit des mélodies que l'on mémorise comme les grands airs d'une symphonie, nos lieux communs émotionnels. Pour les alpinistes, elle peut convoquer aussi aisément une scène de montagne. Mais encore une fois. Quelle est la valeur de notre expérience émotionnelle en montagne? Nous pouvons user de comparaisons pour montrer le sentiment que nous éprouvons, mais cette comparaison ne pourrait-elle pas s'appliquer avec un résultat similaire à d'autres domaines ? Comme il serait troublé dans son froid mépris, l'alpiniste arrogant, si on lui murmurait à l'oreille : « Pourquoi ne pas laisser tomber et te lancer, disons, dans le football? » Si la remarque émanait d'un footballeur, l'alpiniste la prendrait bien sûr à la plaisanterie. C'est du moins la ligne que j'adopterais moi-même, et je ne peux pas imaginer que, par exemple, un président de l'Alpine Club, s'il était ainsi sollicité par le fonctionnaire correspondant de la Football Association, puisse en adopter une autre. Mais supposons que la suggestion soit le fait d'un membre du Club - en remplaçant le football par le golf pour éviter le ridicule -, imaginez la juste et majestueuse colère de l'intéressé ! Et pourtant il convient de se demander si les footballeurs, les golfeurs, etc., de ce monde n'ont pas une expérience semblable à la nôtre. L'équipement des sportifs est fait pour suggérer que ce n'est pas le cas; mais si nous voulons rechercher la vérité de tout notre cœur, nous devons à tout prix aller plus loin, voir ce qui se cache au-delà des visages et de l'habit, Heureusement, étant moi-même sportif, je connais leurs véritables sentiments; il me paraît évident que la grande majorité d'entre eux ont des expériences similaires à celles des alpinistes.

C'est tout à fait clair pour moi, et même trop. Le fait que les sportifs deviennent des êtres si émotionnels quand il s'agit de leur sport est à la fois si étrange et si vrai qu'on pourrait passer sa vie à le vérifier. On s'attarderait avec plaisir sur les curiosités du jargon, les manières extravagantes - cordialité barbare, esprit chevaleresque sincère ou non.. si tant est qu'il existe une différence - ou les expressions faciales des différentes espèces du genre. On voit alors combien tous ont un même objectif: dissimuler la profondeur de leurs sentiments réels. Mais il faudrait du temps pour apprécier ces questions à leur juste mesure, et je dois les mettre de côté pour le moment. Les simples faits me suffisent ici. L'exaltation des sportifs face au succès, leur dépression dans l'échec, leur vivacité bavarde dans l'anecdote - tels sont les grands symptômes qui donnent à voir le jeu élémentaire des émotions chez tous les types de pratiquants. Les footballeurs, les joueurs de cricket, les golfeurs, tous ceux qui lancent ou frappent des balles.. bref les cent trente et une espèces de sportifs rêvent jour et nuit comme rêve l'alpiniste. Les prodiges sphéroïdes sont immortels, chacun en sa paroisse. Le titre revient au héros qui, au culmen de l'événement, frappe avec une suprême habileté un objet rond et inanimé. Et toute la grande race de chasseurs, dans plus d'un pays, les hommes qui chassent les poissons, les oiseaux et les bêtes selon leur espèce, de la perche à l'anguille tachetée, du gras faisan à l'alouette ou la grive délicate, du cerf de la forêt voisine au monstre de la jungle, tous les chasseurs rêvent de tuer des animaux petits ou grands, doux ou féroces. Le sport fait partie de l'expérience émotionnelle des sportifs, comme l'alpinisme pour les alpinistes. Comment alors distinguer émotionnellement l'alpiniste du sportif ? La grande majorité des hommes sont, en un sens, artistes ; certains sont actifs et créatifs, d'autres s'expriment passivement.

Il ne fait aucun doute que ceux qui créent diffèrent fondamentalement de ceux qui ne créent pas ; mais ils ont en commun cet élan artistique: tous désirent exprimer le côté émotionnel de leur nature. Le comportement de ceux qui se consacrent aux formes supérieures de l'art le montre bien. C'est peut-être dans les arts de la scène, théâtre, danse, musique que cela est le plus clair. Sont artistes non seulement ceux qui jouent, mais aussi ceux qui sont émus par le spectacle. Les artistes, en ce sens, ne se distinguent pas par le pouvoir d'exprimer des émotions, mais par le pouvoir de ressentir cette expérience émotionnelle à partir de laquelle l'Art est fait. Nous le reconnaissons lorsque nous qualifions certains individus d'artistiques, même s'ils n'ont aucune prétention à créer de l'Art. Les alpinistes arrogants sont tous artistiques, indépendamment de toute autre considération, car ils cultivent l'expérience émotionnelle pour elle-même ; et les sportifs le sont pour la même raison. Il n'est pas paradoxal d'affirmer que tous les sportifs - les vrais sportifs, je veux dire - sont artistiques; il s'agit simplement d'utiliser ce terme logiquement, comme il doit l'être. Une grande partie du genre humain est concernée par cette épithète à la fois vague et spécialisée. Aucune différence de nature ne sépare l'individu que l'on dit communément artistique du sportif que l'on suppose ne pas trop l'être. Au contraire, le sportif est un type d'artiste reconnaissable. Des que le plaisir est recherché non pas pour sa satisfaction directe - comme il l'est en ce moment par la cuisinière d'en bas, qui discute avec la poissonnière alors que je sais qu'elle devrait arroser le rôti -, mais pour un objet plus lointain et émotionnel, il participe de la nature de l'Art. Cette distinction peut aisément être perçue dans le monde du sport. Elle correspond à la différence entre celui qui se satisfait d'aller ramer parce qu'il aime l'exercice, ou la sensation d'être en bateau sur l'eau, ou veut utiliser la voie des eaux pour se rendre où il désire, et celui qui s'entraîne pour une course; la différence entre taper du pied dans un ballon et jouer un match de football; * la différence entre monter à cheval près de chez soi ou monter à courre. Assurément, ni le sportif ni l'alpiniste ne peuvent être accusés de rechercher simplement leur plaisir. Tous deux sont artistes; et le fait qu'il ait en vue une expérience émotionnelle ne distingue pas l'alpiniste, pas même du passionné de football Mais il y a l'art et l'Art. Il est possible de faire une distinction entre les artistes. Sans classification exacte ni ordre de mérite, nous faisons habituellement cette différence : •les « beaux-arts » sont probablement qualifiés ainsi parce que nous considérons que tous les arts ne sont pas beaux. L'épithète artistique est généralement réservée à ceux dont le sens artistique est considéré comme développé à un degré particulier. C'est précisément en faisant ces distinctions que nous pouvons préciser ce que nous cherchons à déterminer: la valeur de l'alpinisme dans l'ensemble de notre expérience émotionnelle. A quelle partie du sens artistique de l'homme appartient l'alpinisme? A la partie qui lui permet d'être ému par la musique ou la peinture, ou à la partie qui lui fait apprécier un jeu ? En posant ainsi la question, on perçoit d'emblée l'abîme qui sépare l'arrogant montagnard du sportif. Il semblait tout à fait naturel de comparer une journée dans les Alpes à une symphonie. Pour les alpinistes de mon genre, l'alpinisme s'y prête à juste titre; mais aucun sportif ne pourrait ou ne voudrait prétendre à cela pour le cricket, la chasse, ou son sport, quel qu'il soit. Il reconnaît l'existence du sublime dans le grand Art, et sait, même s'il ne peut pas le ressentir, que sa manière de toucher au cœur est tout autre et plus vaste. Les alpinistes, eux, n'admettent aucune différence sur le plan émotionnel entre l’alpinisme et l'Art. Ils prétendent que quelque chose de sublime est l'essence même de l'alpinisme. Ils peuvent comparer l'appel des cimes à une mélodie merveilleuse, et la comparaison n'est pas ridicule.

George Leigh Mallory. (1914). The Mountaineer as Artist. The Climbers Club Journal, (No 3), 28-40. https://climbers-club.co.uk/history/journals, https://ccjournals.ams3.digitaloceanspaces.com/1914%20No%203_web.pdf

Doug Robinson. (1969). The Climber as Visionary. + The Whole Natural Art Of Protection.

In 1914 George Mallory, later to become famous for an offhand definition of why people climb, wrote an article entitled 'The Mountaineer as Artist', which appeared in the Climber's Club Journal. In an attempt to justify his climber's feeling of superiority over other sportsmen, he asserts that the climber is an artist. He says that "a day well spent in the Alps is like some great symphony," and justifies the lack of any tangible production - for artists are generally expected to produce works of art which others may see - by saying that "artists, in this sense, are not distinguished by the power of expressing emotion, but the power of feeling that emotional experience out of which Art is made... mountaineers are all artistic... because they cultivate emotional experience for its own sake." While fully justifying the elevated regard we have for climbing as an activity, Mallory's assertion leaves no room for distinguishing the creator of a route from an admirer of it. Mountaineering can produce tangible artistic results which are then on public view. A route is an artistic statement on the side of a mountain, accessible to the view and thus the admiration or criticism of other climbers. Just as the line of a route determines its aesthetics, the manner in which it was climbed constitutes its style. A climb has the qualities of a work of art and its creator is responsible for its direction and style just as an artist is. We recognize those climbers who are especially gifted at creating forceful and aesthetic lines, and respect them for their gift.

But just as Mallory did not go far enough in ascribing artistic functions to the act of creating outstanding new climbs, so I think he uses the word 'artist' too broadly when he means it to include an aesthetic response as well as an aesthetic creation. For this response, which is essentially passive and receptive rather than aggressive and creative, I would use the word visionary. Not visionary in the usual sense of idle and unrealizable dreaming, of building castles in the air, but rather in seeing the objects and actions of ordinary experience with greater intensity, penetrating them further, seeing their marvels and mysteries, their forms, moods, and motions. Being a visionary in this sense involves nothing supernatural or otherworldly; it amounts to bringing fresh vision to the familiar things of the world. I use the word visionary very simply, taking its origins from 'vision', to mean seeing, always to great degrees of intensity, but never beyond the boundaries of the real and physically present. To take a familiar example, it would be hard to look at Van Gogh's Starry Night without seeing the visionary quality in the way the artist sees the world. He has not painted anything that is not in the original scene, yet others would have trouble recognizing what he has depicted, and the difference likes in the intensity of his perception, hear of the visionary experience. He is painting from a higher state of consciousness. Climbers too have their 'Starry Nights'. Consider the following, from an account by Allen Steck, of the Hummingbird Ridge climb on Mt. Logan: "I turned for a moment and was completely lost in the silent appraisal of the beautiful sensuous simplicity of windblown snow." The beauty of that moment, the form and motion of the blowing snow was such a powerful impression, was so wonderfully sufficient, that the climber was lost in it. It is said to be only a moment, yet by virtue of total absorption he is lost in it and the winds of eternity blow though it. A second example comes from the account of the seventh day's climbing on the eight- day first ascent, under trying conditions, of El Capitan's Muir Wall. Yvon Chouinard relates in the 1966 American Alpine Journal:

With the more receptive senses we now appreciated everything around us. Each individual crystal in the granite stood out in bold relief. The varied shapes of the clouds never ceased to attract our attention. For the first time we noticed tiny bugs that were all over the walls, so tiny they were barely noticeable. While belaying, I stared at one for fifteen minutes, watching him move and admiring his brilliant red color.

How could one ever be bored with so many good things to see and feel? This unity with our joyous surrounding, this ultra-penetrating perception gave us a feeling of contentment that we had not had for years.

In these passages the qualities that make up the climber's visionary experience are apparent; the overwhelming beauty of the most ordinary objects - clouds, granite, snow - of the climber's experience, a sense of the slowing down of time even to the point of disappearing, and a "feeling of contentment" an oceanic feeling of the supreme sufficiency of the present. And while delicate in substance, these feelings are strong enough to intrude forcefully in to the middle of dangerous circumstances and remain there, temporarily superseding even apprehension and drive for achievement.

Chouinard's words begin to give us an idea of the origin of these experiences as well as their character. he begins by referring to "the more receptive senses." What made their sense more receptive? It seems integrally connected wit what they were doing, and that it was their seventh day of uninterrupted concentration. Climbing tends to induce visionary experiences. We should explore which characteristics of the climbing process prepare its practitioners for these experiences.

Climbing requires intense concentration. I know of no other activity in which I can so easily lose all the hours of an afternoon without a trace. Or a regret. I have had storms creep up on me as if I have been asleep, yet I knew the whole time I was in the grip of an intense concentration, focused first on a few square feet of rock, and then on a few feet more, I have gone off across camp to boulder and returned to find the stew burned. Sometimes in the lowlands when it is hard to work I am jealous of how easily concentration coms in climbing. This concentration may be intense, but it is not the same as the intensity of the visionary periods; it is a prerequisite intensity.

But the concentration is not continuous. It is often intermittent and sporadic, sometimes cyclic and rhythmic. After facing the successive few square feet of rock for a while, the end of the rope is reached and it is time to belay. The belay time is a break in the concentration, a gap, a small chance to relax. The climber changes from an aggressive and productive stance to a passive and receptive one, from doer to observer, and in fact from artist to visionary. The climbing day goes on through the climb-belay-climb-belay cycle by a regular series of concentrations and relaxations. It is of one of these relaxations that Chouinard speaks. when limbs go to the rock and muscles contract, then the will contracts also. And and the belay stance, tied in to a scrub oak, the muscles relax and the will also, which has been concentrating on moves, expands and takes in the world again, and the world is new and bright. It is freshly created, for it really had ceased to exist. By contrast, the disadvantage of the usual low-level activity is that it cannot shut out the world, which then never ceases being familiar and is thus ignored. To climb with intense concentration is to shut out the world, which, when it reappears, will be as a fresh experience, strange and wonderful in its newness.

These belay relaxations are not total; the climb is not over, pitches lie ahead, even the crux; days more may be needed to be through. We notice that as the cycle of intense contraction takes over, and as this cycle becomes the daily routine, even consumes the daily routine, the relaxations on belay yield more frequent or intense visionary experiences. It is no accident that Chouinard's experiences occurred near the end of the climb; he had been building up to them for six days. The summit, capping off the cycling and giving a final release from the tension of contractions, should offer the climber some of his most intense moments, and a look into the literature reveals this to be so. The summit is also a release from the sensory desert of the climb; from the starkness of concentrating on configurations of rock we go to the visual richness of the summit. But there is still the descent to worry about, another contraction of will to be followed by relaxation at the climb's foot. Sitting on a log changing from klittershoes into boots, and looking over the Valley, we are suffused with oceanic feelings of clarity, distance, union, oneness. There is carryover from one climb to the next, from one day on the hot white walls to the next, however, punctuated by wine dark evenings in Camp 4. Once a pathway has been tried it becomes more familiar and is easier to follow the second time, more so on subsequent trips. The threshold has been lowered. Practice is as useful to the climber's visionary faculty as to his crack technique. It also applies outside of climbing. In John Harlin's words, although he was speaking about will and not vision, the experience can be "borrowed and projected." It will apply in the climber's life in general, in his flat, ground and lowland hours. But it is the climbing that has taught him to be a visionary. Lest we get too self-important about consciously preparing ourselves for visionary activity, however, we remember that the incredible beauty of the mountains is always at hand, always ready to nudge us into awareness.

The period of these cycles varies widely. If you sometimes cycle through lucid periods from pitch to pitch or even take days to run a complete course, it may also be virtually instantaneous, as, pulling up on a hold after a moment's hesitation and doubt, you feel at once the warmth of sun through your shirt and without pausing reach on.

Nor does the alteration of consciousness have to be large. A small change can be profound. The gulf between looking without seeing and looking with real vision is at times of such a low order that we may be continually shifting back and forth in daily life. Further heightening of the visionary faculty consists of more deeply perceiving what is already there. Vision is intense seeing. Vision is seeing what is more deeply interfused, and following this process leads to a sense of ecology. It is an intuitive rather than a scientific ecology; it is John Muir's kind, starting not from generalizations for trees, rocks, air, but rather from that
tree with the goiter part way up the trunk, from the rocks as Chouinard saw them, supremely sufficient and aloof, blazing away their perfect light, and from that air which blew clean and hot up off the eastern desert and carries lingering memories of snow fields on the Dana Plateau and miles of Tuolumne treetops as it pours over the rim of the Valley on its way to the Pacific.

These visionary changes in the climber's mind have a physiological basis. The alternation of hope and fear spoken of in climbing describes an emotional state with a biochemical basis. These physiological mechanisms have been used for thousands of years by prophets and mystics, and for a few centuries by climbers. There are two complementary mechanisms operating independently: carbon dioxide level and adrenalin breakdown products, the first keyed by exertion, the second by apprehension. During the active part of the climb the body is working hard, building up its CO2 level (oxygen debt) and releasing adrenalin in anticipation of difficult or dangerous moves, so that by the time the climber moves into belay at the end of the pitch he has established an oxygen debt and a supply of now unneeded adrenalin. Oxygen debt manifests itself on the cellular level as lactic acid, a cellular poison, which may possibly be the agent that has a visionary effect on the mind. Visionary activity can be induced experimentally by administering CO2, and this phenomenon begins to explain the place of singing and long-winded chanting in the medieval Church as well as breath-control exercises of Eastern religions. Adrenalin, carried to all parts of the body through the blood stream, is an unstable compound and if unused, soon begins to break down. Some of the visionary experience; in fact, they are naturally occurring body chemicals which closely resemble the psychedelic drugs, and may help someday to shed light on the action of these mind-expanding agents. So we see that the activity of the climbing, coupled with its anxiety, produces a chemical climate in the body that is conducive to visionary experience. There is one other long-range factor that may begin to figure in Chouinard's example: diet. Either simple starvation or vitamin deficiency tends to prepare the body, apparently by weakening it, for visionary experiences. Such a vitamin deficiency will result in a decreased level of nicotinic acid, a member of the B-vitamin complex and a known anti-psychedelic agent, thus nourishing the visionary experience. Chouinard comments on the low rations at several points in his account. For a further discussion of physical pathways to the visionary state, see Aldous Huxley's two essays, 'The Doors of Perception' and 'Heaven and Hell.'

There is an interesting relationship between the climber-visionary and his counterpart in the neighboring subculture of psychedelic drug users. These drugs are becoming increasingly common and many young people will come to climbing from a visionary vantage point unique in its history. These drugs have been through a series of erroneous names, based on false models of their action: psychotomimetic
for a supposed ability to produce a model psychosis, and hallucinogen , when the hallucination was thought to be the central reality of the experience. Their present names means simply 'mind manifesting,' which is at least neutral. These drugs are providing people with a window into the visionary experience. They come away knowing that there is a place where the objects of ordinary sensations remind them of many spontaneous or 'peak' experiences and thus confirm or place a previous set of observations. But this is the end. There is no going back to the heightened reality, to the supreme sufficiency of the present moment. The window has been shut and cannot even be found without recourse to the drug.

I am not in the least prepared to say that drug users take up climbing in order to search for the window. It couldn't occur to them. Anyone unused to disciplined physical activity would have trouble imagining that it produced anything but sweat. But when the two cultures overlap, and a young climber begins to find parallels between the visionary result of his climbing discipline and his formerly drug-induced visionary life, he is on the threshold of control. There is now a clear path of discipline leading to the window. It consists of the sensory desert, intensity of concentrated effort, and rhythmical cycling of contraction and relaxation. This path is not unique to climbing, of course, but here we are thinking of the peculiar form that the elements of the path assume in climbing. I call it the Holy Slow Road because, although time consuming and painful, it is an unaided way to the visionary state; by following it the climber will find himself better prepared to appreciate the visionary in himself, and by returning gradually and with eyes open to ordinary waking consciousness he now knows where the window lies, how it is unlocked, and he carries some of the experience back with him. The Holy Slow Road assures that the climber's soul, tempered by the very experiences that have made him a visionary, has been refined so that he can handle his visionary activity while still remaining balanced and active (the result of too much visionary activity without accompanying personality growth being the dropout, an essentially unproductive stance). The climbing which has prepared him to be a visionary has also prepared the climber to handle his visions. This is not, however, a momentous change. It is still as close as seeing instead of mere looking. Experiencing a permanent change in perception may take years of discipline.

A potential pitfall is seeing the 'discipline' of the Holy Slow Road in the iron- willed tradition of the Protestant ethic, and that will not work. The climbs will provide all the necessary rigor of discipline without having to add to it. And as the visionary faculty comes closer to the surface, what is needed is not an effort of discipline but an effort of relaxation, a submission of self to the wonderful, supportive, and sufficient world.

I first began to consider these ideas in the summer of 1965 in Yosemite with Chris Fredricks. Sensing a similarity of experience, or else a similar approach to experience, we sat many nights talking together at the edge of the climbers' camp and spent some of our days testing our words in kinesthetic sunshine. Chris had become interested in Zen Buddhism, and as he told me of this Oriental religion I was amazed that I had never before heard of such a system that fit the facts of outward reality as I saw them without any pushing or straining. We never, that I remember, mentioned the visionary experience as such, yet its substance was rarely far from our reflections. We entered into one of those find parallel states of mind such that it is impossible now for me to say what thoughts came from which of us. We began to consider some aspects of climbing as Western equivalents of Eastern practices; the even movements of the belayer taking in slack, the regular footfall of walking through the woods, even the rhythmic movements of climbing on easy or familiar ground' all approach the function meditation and breath-control. Both the laborious and visionary parts of climbing seemed well suited to liberating the individual from his concept of self, the one by intimidating his aspirations, the other by showing the self to be only a small part of a subtle integrated universe. We watched the visionary surface in each other with its mixture of joy and serenity, and walking down from climbs we often felt like little children in the Garden of Eden, pointing, nodding, and laughing. We explored timeless moments and wondered at the suspension of ordinary consciousness while the visionary faculty was operating. It occurred to us that there was no remembering such times of being truly happy and at peace; all that could be said of them later was that they had been and that they had been truly fine; the usual details of memory were gone. This applies also to most of our conversations. I remember only that we talked and that we came to understand things. I believe it was in these conversations that the first seeds of the climber as visionary were planted.

William Blake has spoken of the visionary experience by saying, "If the doors of perception were cleansed everything would appear to man as it is, infinite." Stumbling upon the cleansed doors, the climber wonders how he came into that privileged visionary position vis-a-vis the universe. He finds the answer in the activity of his climbing and the chemistry of his mind and he begins to see that he is practicing a special application of some very ancient mind-opening techniques. Chouinard's vision was no accident. It was the result of days of climbing. He was tempered by technical difficulties, pain, apprehension, dehydration, striving, the sensory desert, weariness, the gradual loss of self. It is a system. You need only copy the ingredients to commit yourself to them. They lead to the door. It is not necessary to attain to Chouinard's technical level - few can do - only to his degree of commitment. It is not essential that one climb El Capitan to be a visionary; I never have, yet I try in my climbing to push my personal limit, to do climbs that are questionable for me. Thus we all walk the feather edge - each man his own unique edge - and go on to the visionary. For all the precision with which the visionary state can be placed and described, it is still elusive. You do not one day become a visionary and ever after remain one. It is a state that one flows in and out of, gaining it through directed effort or spontaneously in gratuitous moment. Oddly, it is not consciously worked for, but come as the almost accidental product of effort in another direction and on a different plane. It is at its own whim momentary or lingering suspended in the air, suspending time in its turn, forever momentarily eternal, as, stepping out of the last rappel you turn and behold the rich green wonder of the forest.

Doug Robinson. (1969). The Climber as Visionary. Ascent.

Doug Robinson. (1969). The Climber as Visionary.

"Vedy clean, vedy clean" - Pablo Casals There is a word for it, and the word is clean. Climbing with only nuts and runners for protection is clean climbing. Clean because the rock is left unaltered by the passing climber. Clean because nothing is hammered into the rock and then hammered back out, leaving the rock scarred and the next climber's experience less natural. Clean because the climber's protection leaves little track of his ascension. Clean is climbing the rock without changing it; a step closer to organic climbing for the natural man. In Britain after thousands of ascents of the popular routes, footholds are actually becoming polished but the cracks that protect them are unscarred and clean. The "Nutcracker" in Yosemite, which was deliberately and with great satisfaction climbed clean on the first ascent, doesn't have polished holds yet, but has obviously been climbed often and irreverently; some section of crack are continuous piton scars for several feet. It can still be done with nuts - they even fit in some of the pin scars - but no one will be able to see this beautiful piece of rock the way the first ascent party did. It didn't have to happen that way. It could still be so clean that only a runner-smooth ring at the base of trees and a few bleached patches where lichen had been worn off would be the only sign that hundreds had passed by. Yet the same hundreds who have been there and hammered their marks could still have safely climbed it because nut placements were, and are frequent, logical and sound. In Yosemite pins have traditionally been removed in an effort to keep the climbs pure and as close as possible to their natural condition. The long term effects of this ethic are unfortunately destructive to cracks and delicate flake systems. This problem is not unique to Yosemite; it's being felt in all heavily used areas across the country. In the Shawangunks a popular route can be traced not by connecting the logical weaknesses, but by the line of pitons and piton holes up the cliff. As climbers, it is our responsibility to protect this part of the wilderness from human erosion, Clean climbing is a method we can use to solve this serious problem. A guide for clean climbers is here presented.

RUNNERS A length of tubular webbing or perion rope is easily tied into a loop forming one of the most versatile of natural protections - the runner. Normal single length runners can be constructed from about 6 feet of rope or webbing. Double and triple length runners require approximately 10 and 14 feet respectively. Traditionally, these loops have been tied with a Ring Bend which is simple but must be constantly watched because of the slippery tendency of nylon web and rope to untie themselves, especially when wet. A more secure knot that can be tied once for the life of the runner and can be used for both perion rope and thick tubular webbing is the Double Fisherman's Bend or Grapevine Knot (Figure 1). Runners are carried over the shoulder and under the opposite arm. In use they are looped over or around anything in sight; blocks, bulges, and bushes, chockstones and chickenheads, knobs, spikes, flakes and trees. For this reason a variety in both material and lengths of runners should be carried. All tubular webbing from 1/2"' through 1" and rope diameters from 5 or 6mm through about 8 mm are useful in fitting varying situations. The smallest sizes (1/2" and 5mm) will provide interim protection in tight threading situations. The loop strength of Chouinard 9/16" web and 7mm rope are adequate for most protection needs and 1 inch and 8mm are bombproof (see Tables E and F). A doubled runner will normally have twice the loop strength indicated. A common mistake is not having enough runners along; a dozen is not too many. Hero Loops or small runners can be used for the fine work in tying off rock spikes, nubbins, rugosities, and twigs (9/16" web is preferred for protection). Large blocks and chockstones can be tied off with a chain of runners looped together or with double or triple runners which can be carried over the shoulder in loops of two or three coils, kept even by a carabiner. Historically, runners have been commonly used in reducing the rope drag produced by out of the way protection. When climbing clean this role of smoothing out the line of the climbing rope behind the leader is even more important because the addition of a runnerwill heip protect nuts from being bounced or jerked out of the crack by the climbing rope. A runner makes a nut more secure. Sometimes runner placements themselves are insecure. For instance a placement that would easily hold the heavy downward pull of a fall might be very susceptible to a light side pull from the climbing rope. Another runner can be attached but sometimes the security can be greatly improved by wedging a pebble or nut into the crack above the runner to hold it into place. At other times extra security can be obtained by jamming the knot of the runner into place. Placements on slippery bulges might be improved by tying a slipknot in one end of the runner, then cinching it up as in Figure 2. In extra ticklish situations, British climbers have used even adhesive tape to hold runners in place on small rock spikes. Clean climbing demands vision and an awareness of the rock. On the equipment side, runners form the basis for protection. They were all that was available to clean climbing Englishmen before the advent of portable and artificial chockstones. In a like manner, they are the foundation of the modern clean climber's repertoire.

MAKE THE ROCK HAPPY - USE A NUT To plaçe a nut you must begin by thinking about the shape of cracks. Right from the start clean climbing demands increased awareness of the rock environment. Consider the taper of a crack. Is it converging, that is, flared in reverse, wider inside than at the lip? Or it may be parallel-sided with an even width. Or at the other extreme, flared. Converging cracks are easiest to fit; find a wide spot up high and drop the nut in behind. Beware of the nut falling out the bottom, however, or breaking through a thin-lipped crack. Flared cracks are easy too, usually unfittable. But important exceptions have been known, chiefly in the form of knobs or bulges in the crack which will take a nut behind or above, Also, don't overlook the possibility of fitting a much smaller nut far back in the dark recesses of the crack. The usual nut placement is in a vertical crack. Find a section of the crack that closes downward; that is, where the crack is wide above, narrower below. Select the right size nut, place it into the wide section of the crack, and carefully locate it where the crack narrows. Then give the sling a stout downward jerk to wedge the nut securely in place, Inspect the placement for adequate constriction of the crack and test the nut's security (the degree to which it can resist being accidentally dislodged by the climbing rope) by giving an appropriately light outward jerk on the sling. Nuts have the advantage over pitons in that they are more naturally at home in vertical placements. This is their normal environment as it is for the chockstones from which they derive. But the crack may not have any obvious wide-to-narrow placements. Often the difference between sliding and setting is so subtle that it can hardly be seen and is easier felt. This is especially true in granite where cracks are quite uniform and nuts were first thought relatively useless. For these trickier fittings it is helpful to have a good selection of nuts within a given size range; a small variation can be crucial. Pick the largest nut that will just fit in the crack (for Hexentrics remember that a change of attitude will slightly change the size) and work it downward until it hopefully lodges. Test it with a jerk, but avoid testing it too vigorously which will only make it harder to remove as it inches into tighter placement. Non-granite rocks have other structures to tempt the clean climber. Limestone and sandstone often have pockets that are partly closed off on the surface - sort of inverse chickenheads - that can sometimes be fitted with a nut inserted endwise and turned to wedge. To complete the range of silent protection do not overlook the potential of using certain sizes of pitons as nuts. Two general classes are possible. (1) Bongs function very well as large chocks. When used in this manner they are normally placed pointing downward with a runner threaded either through the lower lightening holes (Figure 3) or around the entire Bong as if it were a natural chockstone. Also, because they have an end taper, bongs can be wedged lengthwise in six-inch wide cracks, (Figure 4). (2) Long horizontal pitons can oftentimes be placed in cracks without the use of a hammer and have great holding power, especially in horizontal cracks. If used this way in vertical cracks, select a locally wider section of the crack or an area where the rugosities of the crack will grip the piton near each end of the blade and prevent it from rotating or shifting downward. The employment of innovative techniques such as these can turn the occasional compromise situation into good clean climbing! Finally, a few special cases. Sometimes a crack within a crack will hold a nut when the main crack won't. Very shallow or bottoming cracks or irregularities on the surface of the rock that aren't really cracks will sometimes hold a nut. Shallow cracks can more often be fitted with nuts than with pitons because a nut doesn't necessarily have to be deep to be strong. Slots on the surtace of the rock that would take only the most extreme nest of pins and then only for aid will sometimes perfectly hold a happy nut. A nut may even fit between knobs on the surface of the rock; a three-nut nest has been seen set between two knobs that was good enough for aid. Surely more imaginative ways of using them will appear.

RACKING The success of many methods of carrying nuts will depend largely upon the length of the slings. Three length categories exist (see Table C) Nuts with long slings can be carried in the same manner as runners, over the shoulder and under the opposite arm. This is probably the best carry for extremely large nuts such as Hexentrics No. 9 and No. 10. Medium length slings can be carried around the neck, necklace fashion. This is an excellent quickdraw position, but if more than a few nuts are carried this way the slings will become tangled as well as block the view of your feet. In this country the most common method is to fix the nut with a short sling and carry them clipped onto the normal hardware loop. If a large number of nuts are being carried two cleanware loops can be worn, one on each side, since the hammer will either be little used or not carried. The British carry their chocks in a variety of ways. A common one is on the equipment loops of their climber's belt or harness. Nuts with medium and sometimes even long slings can be successfully carried in this manner because this attachment at the waist, as opposed to higher on the body, prevents their swinging out front when one leans forward. It also helps to spread the equipment out over the body and keeps it out of the way of runners and equipment carried elsewhere. This method of racking can be obtained without a complicated harness by clipping the chock slings directly onto loops of the Swami Belt or the loop of climbing rope around your waist. Nuts should be racked like pitons in an orderly manner, assorted in sizes from small to large for ready access. They can be racked one to a carabiner for quicker removal. With chocks as with pitons you will want to carry a range and proportion of sizes complementing the climb - but do not forget to allow for the 1/3 more frequently needed for security. The length and type of sling affects a nut's usage. Short slings are preferred for aid climbing. Medium and long length slings are useful for free climbing because of the greater security they provide. They also facilitate jerking the sling to set the chock securely in the crack. Chocks on short slings can be set by jerking with a bight of the climbing rope after it has been clipped in. Medium length slings on chocks that will occasionally be used for aid should be made long enough so that they can be shortened up with an overhand knot. Although rope slings are preferred because of their better handling characteristics, some webbing slings will be useful for fitting into highly constricting cracks. Wire slings are used in the smallest sized chocks to obtain strength. Chocks with wire slings have advantages in aid climbing and are easier to remove, but if they are not needed for strength reasons they should be avoided in general free climbing use because of their inherently low security.

PRACTICE The question sometimes arises of tapping a nut with the hammer to seat it in the crack. Probably a holdover from piton pounding, this practice will be found not so much harmful to the rock (which is the problem with pitons) as it is to the whole essence of clean climbing. It is a bad habit. Either you are climbing clean or you are not. As if summarizing the whole ethic of British climbing Joe Brown posed the question, "When does a chock become a peg?" This is a worthwhile guideline to remember, for clean climbing is as much a battle with temptation as it is with the mountain. The use of pitons on a clean climb is somewhat analogous to the placing of bolts on a peg route. They are both antagonistic to principle. The true object, as always, is not simply to get up things and check them off in our guidebook - - it is to challenge ourselves. You have not totally committed yourself to climbing clean if you still carry the hammer and pegs with which to rescue yourself when the going gets tough. Clean climbing requires judgment and an accurate knowledge of one's own limitations; and helps in the future development of these qualities. The best way to start climbing clean is to relearn climbing itself from the ground up. Begin once again on the easy climbs, committing yourself to clean principles, using only runners and chocks for pro-tection. As before, gradually raise your standard commensurate with the development of confidence in yourself and the new equipment. Setting up practice falling situations will help in this development. The mere abandonment of hammer and pitons on hard climbs without first building the necessary aptitude can be disastrous! In due course guidebooks will list climbs that can be protected with runners andchocks only, just as they now list those that can be climbed free. When so indicated ironmongery may be totally dispensed with; the full rewards of clean climbing will be yours. Technique is more useful than force in removing nuts. They must be maneuvered into a wider section of the crack where they can be withdrawn. The fingers or the sling on the nut can normally be used for this. Smaller sizes can sometimes be nudged out with a long thin piton, or the skinny pick of a crag hammer. Wired nuts are maneuverable by their wires. A few drops of epoxy glue, welding the wire to the nut, will allow pushing with the wire to facilitate removal. The ideal of clean climbing is to climb unencumbered by pitons and the hammer. This can safely be done in areas where chock cracks are plentiful and clean. The Sierra Nevada high country is such a place. Certain other areas will require a tool for one or more of the following uses: (1) cleaning dirt, weeds or moss from prospective nut cracks, (2) for use by the second in prying or nudging nuts from cracks, particularly nuts that have been used for aid. (3) Placing anchor pitons where for some reason, a secure, non directional anchor cannot be obtained with chocks and runners, and (4) testing fixed pitons. (It still is absolutely essential to test pitons in place with light downward blows of the hammer, because of their inherently lower stability than good center pull chocks, and because they cannot be inspected visually as can chocks.)

STRENGTH ... Seen through the eyes of a lifetime of pounding, with memories of pounding harder as the fear mounts, the notion of inserting protection with two fingers, and setting it with only a stout downward jerk, tastes of insecurity. For reassurance we need to look back to the homeland of nuts where Joe Brown says that "so many people have fallen on them and been held that they seem to be at least as safe as a normal sling on a flake or chockstone", which of course can be bombproof. He feels further that the use of nuts in England and Wales has been responsible for a decline in the number of accidents. And this in a country that uses them not occasionally or for convenience, but regularly almost universally, and by extension in many less than ideal settings. Note the following report regarding the use of a small ¼" size Clog nut in Wisconsin: "Just had to let you know that I think your wired tiny brass hex is one of the most wonderful products of modern technology extant. I took a thirty foot peel onto one and it held (with the help of an excellent belay)". It would be useless to speculate on the "normal" holding power of nuts since they depend so much on the configuration of the crack. Their ultimate strength in proper placements will depend on the break- ing strength of the rope or wire sling that attaches them to the rest of the climbing system, and this in turn depends primarily on the size of the hole in the nut. The approximate strengths of rope, wire, and webbing slings in nuts are listed in Tables A and B. The approximate strengths of runners (loops tested between two carabiners) are listed in Tables E and F. Good placements in turn depend not as might be thought on the rock, but rather on the inventiveness of the climber. ... AND SECURITY The strength and security of an anchor are not the same thing. Strength is the ability of an anchor to hold a fall. Security is its ability to stay put until the fall comes. Both should be considered in placing nuts. Security can also be obtained by doubling up nuts as explained under anchoring. left on the sling will weigh it down, helping to hold it in the crack. Extending the nut sling with a runner also helps. Of the nuts that fall or pop out of the crack behind an unhappy leader, ones on wire slings are the worst offenders, usually because the wire ends up acting as a lever magnifying rope movements to pry the nut loose. For this reason medium sized and larger nuts should be put on rope or webbing instead of wire; their flexibility prevents the lever-action blues. As a general rule nuts accepting 7 mm and larger slings are not wired. Nuts with 5 and 6 mm slings are used for protecting moves and are recommended over wired nuts for insecure placements where the latter would easily be pulled from the crack, This differentiation is not a sharp one but the sizes and strengths required for mild versus serious falls is thought to grade from the one into the other at about the 7 mm level. 1 Wired chocks should be tied off with a runner to act as a flexible connection between the still nut and the moving rope. (Figure 5). In order to retain the runner's full strength it must be clipped into the wire sling with a carabiner for if it is looped directly through the wire a serious reduction in runner strength can result as indicated in Table D. We have found that plastic covering over the wire does not appreciably increase the runner's strength. After taking all these precautions the fact will still remain that many nut placements, like the infamous psychological piton, will be neither strong nor secure. The British, of course, have already recognized this problem and have a solution. They employ as many shakey nuts as necessary (or at least as many as they can get!) to do the job. They average about 1/3 more nuts and runners on a pitch than would normally be used for protection with pitons, mindful that a few will fall out, and some that stay in probably would not hold. For example, as many as 20 nuts and threads can be, and sometimes are, fitted into the very difficult but unusually well protected 120 foot Cenotaph Corner in Llanberris Pass.

THE IMPORTANCE OF BEING ANCHORED Runners around trees share with pitons the quality of being non-directional anchors; pull on them any direction and you get held. Other runners and most nuts are more particular which way they are loaded - they are directional. A leader anticipating the specific direction he might be loading it, places his natural protection with that direction well in mind. But belay anchors are not so simple, and it is with these anchors that the natural climber must make the greatest effort and analysis. A belayer might be pulled down in a fourth class fall, up in a fifth class one, away from the rock or in a sequence of directions if the leader and he are unlucky. So the belayer must have a non-directional anchor, and in the absence of a handy tree or a permanent natural chockstone, he must construct it from directional tools. Ideally he will be sitting on a ledge with a converging crack at the back of it that can be chocked for a pull up or out. In this case a downward pull on the belayer would be felt as an outward one on the nut. Another method is to place a nut in a horizontal crack well to the side of the belay position, especially to the side away from a diagonal pitch, such that no force would come straight up or down on it without pulling sideways too. Mostly the answer to a bombproof belay will be several anchors set in opposition to each other so the re- sultant will hold a pull from any direction. The simplest example would be anchoring to a single vertical crack by placing one nut in the normal position for a downward pull and another somewhere below it upside down for an upward pull. The sling of the upper nut is run through the sling of the lower then clipped to the belay so a downward force is held directly on the upper nut, while an outward or upward force will pull the nuts toward each other making the anchor more secure as it gets loaded (Figure 7). Or the slings can be clipped together with a carabiner as in Figure 6. This same principle also works in a horizontal crack for anchoring and for protection where a single nut would not hold. This technique of opposing nuts can be adapted to many situations according to one's ingenuity. A nut and runner may be opposed, or two runners, three nuts... When the only possible opposing anchor points are too widely spaced to be effectively tied together, the belayer may tie-in separately to each of them, giving him one anchor for each of the possible directions he may be pulled. The belay anchor is the foundation of the climber's whole line of defense. It must be bombproof. It must be non-directional in order to safeguard a leader fall. Today's concept of extra long ropes and full length runouts is quite recent and local, being at first an adaptation to ledgeless routes in Yosemite and the ability of pitons to anchor virtually anywhere, and spreading from there by way of fashion. It is here that the natural climber will find it advisable to make a small readjustment in thinking. It is far more important to be well anchored than to make long pitches. And it is often more efficient time-wise to stop short and throw a sling over a block than run the rope out only to lose 10 minutes constructing an anchor. The British have recognized this as a part of climbing with natural protection. On English and Welsh crags pitches of 30 to 60 feet are common. Every well protected ledge is utilized as a belay stance. And the ease and quickness of placement and removal of runners and chocks make these short pitches even more practical. The clean climber may find, especially on crag climbs and alpine routes, including moving in coils, that a shorter rope of perhaps 120 feet would overall be more useful, economical, and convenient.

RELAX YOUR MIND, RELAX YOUR MIND, YOU'VE GOT TO RELAX YOUR MIND We could easily end here, having said a great deal already, but a few further implications demand notice at least. The use of nuts which begins by trying to solve some pressing environmental problems really ends in the realm of aesthetics and style. We won't pitch the aesthetics at you, only urge it once more to your atten-tion. The most important corollary of clean climbing is boldness, a trait long recognized and respected by, you guessed it, the British climbers. Where protection is not assured by a usable crack long unprotected runouts sometimes result, and the leader of commitment must be prepared to accept the risks and alternatives which are only too well defined. Personal qualities - judgment, concentration, boldness - the ordeal by fire, take precedence, as they should, over mere hardware. Pitons have their place in American climbing: aid would be very improbable without them, and many free routes will continue to need them as well. Leaving aside for now the problem of whether and how, and where they might be fixed to save the rock, we might speculate that their use in the future may be reduced to the more difficult routes. When going where cleanliness has been established the climber may leave his pitons home and gain a dividend of lightness and free-dom; but if on new ground, or the not yet clean, he can treat this unsavory equipment as the big wall climber does bolts, and leave them at the bottom of his rucksack, considering the implications as he brings them into use. There will be room for almost clean climbs that use few pins, but fixed ones, so carrying pins will still be necessary. Using pitons on climbs like the "Nutcracker" is degrading to the climb, its originator and the climber. Robbins must have been thinking of that climb when he wrote, "Better that we raise our skill than lower the climb." Pitons have been a great equalizer in American climbing. by liberally using them it was possible to get in over ones head, and by more liberally using them, to get out again. But every climb is not for every climber; the ultimate climbs are not democratic. The fortunate climbs protect themselves by being unprotectable and remain a challenge that can be solved only by boldness and commitment backed solidly by technique. Climbs that are forced clean by the application of boldness should be similarly respected, lest a climber be guilty of destroying a line for the future's capable climbers to satisfy his impatient ego in the present - by waiting he might become one of the future capables. Waiting is also necessary; every climb has its time, which need not be today. Besides leaving alone what one cannot climb in good stvle, there are some practical corollaries of boldness in free climbing. Learning to climb down is valuable for retreating from a clean and bold place that gets too airy. And having the humility to back off rather than continue in bad style - - a thing well begun is not lost. The experience cannot be taken away. By such a system there can never again be "last great problems" but only "next great problems." Carried out, these practices would tend to lead from quantitative to qualitative standards of climbing, an assertion that the climbing experience cannot be measured by an expression of pitches per hour, that a climb cannot be reduced to maps and decimals. That the motions of climbing, the sharpness of the environment, the climber's reactions are still only themselves, and their dividends of joy personal and private. After going as far with natural protection, and criticizing bolts in their turn as well, we must finally admit to still being, after all, a manufacturer of pitons, We are proud of our pitons and continue to refine their design and construction. If technical rockclimbing in places as Yosemite were still confined to the handful of residents and a few hundred occasional climbers who bought and used our first pitons then the switch to clean climbing would be purely a matter of individual preference for the aesthetic opportunities it offered, for silent climbing, lightness, simplicity, the joys of being unobtrusive. But the increased popularity of climbing is clearly being felt in the vertical wilderness, and if we are to leave any of it in climbable form for those who follow, many changes will be necessary. Cleanliness is a good place to start.

Doug Robinson. (1972). The Whole Natural Art Of Protection. Chouinard Equipment Catalog (No 72), 12-25. https://climbaz.com/chouinard72/chouinard.html

Analogie

"La loi est inflexible : l'accès de la montagne, au-dessus des Prés-mouillés, me fut interdit pour trois ans. Après ces trois ans, je pouvais demander à repartir avec la première caravane, à condition toutefois d'avoir réparé les dégâts que mon acte aurait pu causer. Le coup était dur. Je m’efforçai de me refaire temporairement une vie à Port-des-Singes. Avec mon frère et mon fils, je me consacrai à la culture et à l'élevage, afin de fournir des provisions aux caravanes; et nous organisâmes aussi des compagnies de porteurs qui pouvaient louer leurs services jusqu'à la région interdite. Ainsi, tout en gagnant notre vie, nous restions en relations avec les gens de la montagne. Bientôt mon frère fut mordu, lui aussi, du besoin de partir, de ce besoin des hauteurs qui vous prend comme un poison. Mais il décida qu'il ne partirait pas sans moi et voulut attendre l'expiration de ma peine. » Enfin ce jour vint! Je portais fièrement, dans une cage, un gros rat de roche que j'avais facilement capturé et que je laisserais en passant à l'endroit où j'avais tué l'autre, — puisque je devais « réparer les dégâts ». Hélas, les dégâts allaient seulement commencer à se montrer. Comme nous quittions les Prés-mouillés, au lever du soleil, un bruit terrifiant retentit. Toute la pente de la montagne, qui n'était pas encore coupée par la grande cascade, croulait, éclatait, fusait en avalanches de pierres et de boue. Une cataracte d'eau mêlée de blocs de glace et de rocher tombait de la langue de glacier qui dominait cette pente, et se creusait des chemins dans le flanc de la montagne. Le sentier, qui, à cette époque, montait dès la sortie des Prés-mouillés pour aller traverser la pente beaucoup plus haut, était détruit sur une très grande longueur. Pendant plusieurs jours, les éboulements, les jaillissements d'eau et de boue, les glissements de terrain se succédèrent, et nous étions bloqués. La caravane redescendit à Port-des-Singes pour s'y équiper en vue de dangers imprévus, et chercha un nouveau chemin vers les chalets de la Base, par l'autre rive - chemin très long, scabreux et difficile, sur lequel plusieurs hommes périrent. On m'avait interdit de repartir, jusqu'à ce qu'une commission de guides ait déterminé les causes de la catastrophe. Au bout d'une semaine, je fus convoqué devant cette commission, qui déclara que j'étais le responsable de ce désastre, et que, en vertu du premier jugement, je devais réparer les dégâts. »

Je fus abasourdi. Mais on m'expliqua comment les choses s'étaient passées, d'après l'étude faite par la commission. Voici ce qui me fut expliqué, — impartialement, objectivement, et je puis même dire aujourd'hui avec bonté, mais d'une façon catégorique. Le vieux rat que j'avais tué se nourrissait principalement d'une sorte de guêpe abondante en cet endroit. Mais, à son âge surtout, un rat de roche n'est pas assez agile pour attraper les guêpes au vol; aussi ne mangeait-il guère que les malades et les débiles qui se traînaient à terre et s'envolaient difficilement. Ainsi il détruisait les guêpes porteuses de tares ou de germes qui, par hérédité ou par contagion, auraient, sans son intervention inconsciente, répandu de dangereuses maladies dans les colonies de ces insectes. Le rat mort, ces maladies se propagèrent rapidement et, au printemps suivant, il n'y avait presque plus de guêpes dans toute la région. Or ces guêpes, en butinant les fleurs, assuraient leur fécondation. Sans elles, une quantité de plantes qui jouent un grand rôle dans la fixation des terrains mouvants,"

René Daumal. (1952). Le Mont Analogue, Roman d'aventures alpines, non euclidiennes et symboliquement authentiques. L'imaginaire Gallimard.